Existentialism, a philosophical movement that came out in the 19th and 20th centuries, places the individual at the center of philosophical inquiry. Rooted in the belief that existence precedes essence, existentialism explores the complexities of human existence, emphasizing freedom, responsibility, authenticity, and the inherent challenges of navigating a seemingly indifferent world.
Existence Precedes Essence:
The innovative notion of the self-put out by existentialists is that of a situated activity or way of being in which we are constantly forming or developing our identity as our existence unfolds, rather than a substance or thing with some predetermined nature (or “essence”). This implies that our essence is not predetermined; rather, it is situationally thrown into the world, and it is our responsibility to create ourselves by the decisions and actions we commit to.
Freedom:
Existentialists agree that what distinguishes our existence from that of other beings is that we are self-conscious and exist for ourselves, which means we are free and responsible for who we are and what we do. This does not mean we are wholly undetermined but, rather, that we are always beyond or more than ourselves because of our capacity to interpret and give meaning to whatever limits or determines us.
Responsibility:
Existentialism supports the idea that human beings possess freedom, the ability to make decisions without influence from other people. However, this freedom is not without its burdens; existentialists argue that individuals bear the responsibility for the consequences of their choices. This emphasis on personal agency challenges individuals to recognize the weight of their decisions in crafting their own existence.
Authenticity:
Authentic living, which emphasizes staying true to oneself, accepting one’s own ideals, and making decisions in line with personal convictions, is at the center of existentialism. Existentialists support a life of integrity and self-awareness and reject societal conformity. They contend that uniformity stifles authenticity and suggest defying convention, bravely asserting freedom, and leading an urgent and dedicated life. According to existentialism, real life is grounded in meaningful projects that hold personal significance for each individual
Existential Anxiety and Dread:
Existentialist thinkers delve into the realm of human psychology, exploring existential anxiety or dread. This anxiety arises from the awareness of one’s freedom and the inherent uncertainty of life. The fear of making choices in a world devoid of inherent meaning becomes a poignant aspect of the existential experience, driving individuals to confront the ambiguity of their existence.
The Absurd:
Albert Camus introduced the concept of the absurd, highlighting the inherent conflict between human desires for meaning and the apparent meaninglessness of the universe. The absurd confronts individuals with the paradox of seeking purpose in a world that, at times, seems indifferent or chaotic. Camus encourages a defiance against the absurd by embracing life’s challenges and creating one’s own meaning in the face of apparent meaninglessness.
Impact and Legacy:
Existentialism has left an indelible mark on various fields, including philosophy, literature, psychology, and the arts. Figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Søren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche have contributed diverse perspectives, enriching existentialist discourse. Existentialist themes resonate in works of literature, inspiring a reevaluation of human existence and the pursuit of meaning.
Conclusion:
Existentialism invites individuals to grapple with the profound questions of existence, encouraging them to embrace their freedom, confront their responsibilities, and live authentically. In a world marked by uncertainty and ambiguity, existentialism remains a powerful philosophical lens through which individuals can navigate the complexities of their own journeys, crafting meaning in the face of the existential challenges that define the human experience.
